By: Peter Constable, Chair of the Unicode Technical Committee

The Unicode® Standard provides the character encoding that underlies text in the world’s language on billions of devices, in apps and across the web. The next version of the standard, version 18.0, will be released later this year. A beta review period for Unicode 18.0 has started and is open until July 7, 2026.

The beta is intended primarily for review of character property data and changes to algorithm specifications (Unicode Standard Annexes and certain Unicode Technical Standards that are synchronized with the Unicode Standard). Implementers are encouraged to review these changes for consistency or unexpected issues. Also, a complete draft of the core specification text is available for review during the beta period.

At this phase of a release, the character repertoire is considered stable. No new characters will be added. Characters that are new in this version could still be removed, and their character names or code points could be changed, but such changes would require strong justification.

For this release, 13,047 new characters will be added, bringing the total number of encoded characters in Unicode 18.0 to 172,848. The largest set of additional characters is for the new Small Seal script with 11,328 ideographs. Other notable character additions include:

• Chisoi script: a modern script used in northeast India.
• Jurchen script: an historic ideographic script used in northeastern China during the Jin and Ming dynasties.
• New currency symbols for the Maldivian rufiyaa, Omani rial and UAE dirham currencies.
• 72 historical mathematical symbols.
• 73 musical symbols.
• Nine new emoji characters.

See The Pipeline and the delta code charts pages for details on all of the new characters.

In addition to new characters, there are some significant changes related to character properties or algorithms, including the following:

• A new Unicode Standard Annex will be added to document properties for large, non-CJK East Asian scripts.
• Two provisional properties for CJK Unified ideographs will be removed, and two new provisional properties will be added.
• The derivation of one of the properties used for grapheme cluster segmentation of Indic scripts will be revised.
• There will be significant revisions to the confusable characters data (confusables.txt) relevant for security.

It was found that wording in the core specification of earlier versions was not completely clear regarding variation sequences and conformance. To provide greater clarity, the text describing variation sequences and related conformance requirements will be revised. See section 3.6.2 in the draft core spec for details.

See the Unicode 18.0 Beta landing page for other noteworthy property and algorithm changes. For full details regarding the Beta review, see Public Review Issue #548. Feedback should be reported under PRI #548 using the Unicode Contact Form by July 7, 2026.

When Amazon started showing ads to its Prime Video subscribers, annoyed TV viewers complained to the consumer watchdog. Now the case is headed for the Federal Court – and already attracting international interest.

The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has accused Amazon Australia of breaching Australian consumer law by “making negative changes” to contract terms for Prime subscriptions, which then affected more than 850,000 people when Amazon introduced advertising to Prime Video.

Amazon Prime Video is Australia’s second most popular streaming service, only behind Netflix.

The ACCC says Amazon US was also “knowingly concerned” in what happened in Australia.

This court case is part of a campaign by the ACCC to enforce the protections in the Australian Consumer Law against big companies – such as Amazon, Coles and Woolworths – involving individually small, but widespread, losses to consumers. Just last month, the ACCC launched a separate court case against Amazon for allegedly unsafe children’s backpacks.

The ACCC is increasingly testing the boundaries of what it can enforce under Australian Consumer Law. But what exactly does that law say on this issue – and what defence might Amazon have?

What’s the ACCC alleging?

The ACCC alleges that between November 2023 and August 2025, Amazon Australia’s Prime contracts contained terms allowing Amazon to make changes to the service and conditions of supply, providing consumers were notified of any adverse changes.

The ACCC alleges Amazon relied on these legal terms to:

• introduce ads to Prime Video in July 2024
• then charge subscribers A$2.99 per month to remain ad free, in addition to their upfront monthly or yearly fees.

At the time, more than 850,000 Prime subscribers had paid an annual fee for their subscription, which included access to Prime Video.

So the ACCC argues those subscribers were then left with “a degraded Prime Video service for the balance of their subscription”.

It also alleges consumers who chose to cancel were not offered “a pro rata refund or other meaningful redress”, which it argues made the terms of the Amazon contract unfair.

Significantly, the ACCC also claims Amazon US was involved: that it made the decision to introduce advertising to Prime Video globally, then helped implement that decision in Australia.

What Amazon has said and potential penalties

An Amazon Australia spokesman said in a statement the company was reviewing the ACCC’s case:

We have cooperated with the ACCC throughout its investigation and remain focused on providing the best experience for our Australian customers.

The ACCC is seeking penalties against both Amazon Australia and Amazon US, as well as consumer redress and costs. In this case, the maximum financial penalty would be whichever is highest out of:

• A$50 million
• three times the value of the benefit obtained from the conduct, or
• 30% of adjusted turnover during the breach period.

Why this case is legally tricky

I have argued for years that “unilateral variation clauses” – giving the supplier an unfettered discretion to change the terms of service in a contract – are inherently unfair.

The whole purpose of entering into a contract is to lock in a promise to supply goods or services on agreed terms.

If the supplier – in this case Amazon – can change the terms at any time, in any way it likes, it undermines the whole point of making a contract.

That’s been my view. But the ACCC’s official advice to business on contracts has taken a different position – which might give Amazon a defence.

Amazon appears to have followed official guidance

The ACCC’s own website currently suggests that a fair contract should allow consumers to terminate without a “penalty” if they don’t like a “unilateral change” from the supplier. This guidance does not explicitly mention needing to offer pro rata refunds for people cancelling contracts.

This could be part of Amazon’s defence in the Federal Court.

Amazon could argue its contract terms at the time were technically consistent with the ACCC’s own guidance: customers were given notice of adverse changes and could terminate at any time in response.

The question for the Federal Court to decide will be whether that was enough – or whether pro rata refunds for Prime Video viewers wanting to cancel their subscription were essential to make the contract terms “fair” under consumer law.

Interestingly, I checked my Amazon Prime Video subscription and found a pro rata refund is now offered if I terminate following an adverse change of terms. The ACCC has also pointed out that change in its case filing against Amazon.

This court case will not just be closely watched here in Australia. With Amazon US also involved, within hours of the ACCC’s announcement it had already begun to make international headlines.

The case will also be followed particularly closely in other countries with similar laws to Australia’s against unfair contract terms, such as the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Jeannie Marie Paterson receives funding from the Australian Research Council.

I'm not actually sure who'd ever want to be a lumberjack. Seems like a lot of hard work to me. And all that sawdust, and splinters in your hands... yich.

I notice the Wikipedia article mentions "lumberjills" too. Similar sort of coinage to the Australian jackaroo being modified to form "jillaroo". It hadn't occurred to me before to apply that modification to the word "lumberjack".