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It's hard to drain the oceans because it's a nonlocal phenomenon. Luckily there's a clever algorithm that's similar to the "paint bucket" tool in photoshop or other image editing software that allows us to figure out where remnant ocean basins will be.

Further reading:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jpy55EgMQgY
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkUNHhVbQ1Q

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MinutePhysics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics - all in a minute!

Created by Henry Reich
Produced by Joshua Chawner

00:00 - Intro
00:50 - The 2D Problem
02:09 - The 3D Problem
04:09 - Considerations
04:52 - The 3D Solution!
05:23 - Sponsorship From Ground News
06:42 - XKCD's What If

Przewalski’s horse, also known as the takhi, roamed wild across Eurasia continuously for tens of thousands of years. And with their disappearance, Earth lost the last of its truly wild horses.
But the story of the takhi actually has a happy ending.

Endlings portrait illustrations are by Zoe Keller. You can find out more about her and her work here: https://www.zoekeller.com/

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#BizarreBeasts #horse #endlings
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Sources:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3F3BEA3AA6FD22E12AB9D32DAA12D90C/S0030605300005421a.pdf/new-sighting-of-przewalski-horses.pdf
https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/cms_cop12_doc.25.1.8_listing-proposal-p-horse-appI-mongolia_e.pdf
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/5/613
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9
https://www.biotaxa.org/mjbs/article/view/26825/24749
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86832-9#Sec13
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1523158113#sec-2
https://reviverestore.org/projects/przewalskis-horse/species/#:~:text=The%20Mongolians%20call%20the%20horse,left%20to%20its%20own%20devices
https://reviverestore.org/projects/przewalskis-horse/species/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11898140/
https://phys.org/news/2024-06-genome-wild-horse-species.html#google_vignette

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Images:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ouNHJ3ex_RVaAUc_qDKd4ELDngbukAJuYZrD53Rqe6w/edit?usp=sharing

How does a jet engine not melt? Sponsored by KiwiCo - Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your first monthly KiwiCo Crate! https://www.kiwico.com/VERITASIUM
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Our friends at Science Alert are doing a sweepstakes where you can win a 5-day space themed vacation for two. The itinerary includes a trip to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida for astronaut training and a meet and greet with a NASA astronaut. If you’d like to be entered in the draw, just subscribe to their free science newsletter Spark. No purchase necessary. Open to US residents only.
Enter here: https://www.sciencealert.com/spark-into-space-comp?utm_source=veritasium

We have a tabletop game launching! Check it out here! - https://ve42.co/kickstarterdje

▀▀▀
0:00 How a jet engine works
3:18 Why are jet engines so big?
5:17 The Inside of a Jet Engine
8:49 Edge Dislocation
11:11 The First Jet Engine
12:48 Inside the Rolls-Royce Precision Casting Facility
17:07 Nickel Superalloys - Gamma Prime
23:58 Crystal Structure
25:38 Making a Turbine Blade
32:22 Why don’t turbine blades melt?
35:30 Throwing Sand Into a Jet Engine

▀▀▀
A big thanks to Ben Todd, James Banks, Ben Fifoot, Doug Smith, Stefan Wagner, Rumaanah Hoosen and the rest of the team at Rolls-Royce.

A huge thanks also to Professor Howard Stone and Dr George Wise from the University of Cambridge.

We’re also incredibly grateful to Professor Jaafar A. El-Awady, Dr Karen A Thole, Professor Cathie Rae, Professor Paul Withey, Professor Pedro Patrício, Professor José Tavares and Ryan Moreman for their time and expertise.

Thanks to Institute for Materials, Ruhr University Bochum, SFB Transregio 103 for the animation showing the microstructure of the nickel superalloy. Full youtube video here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYHch5QIWTQ

Thanks to Professor Hongbiao Dong for the animation showing the grain selection in a single crystal turbine blade. Full youtube video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br9iaeYYxSM

References: https://ve42.co/JetEngineRefs

▀▀▀
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Writers - Emilia Gyles, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director - Emilia Gyles
Presenters - Derek Muller & Henry Van Dyck
Editor - Trenton Oliver
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Animators - Mike Radjabov, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli
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Production Team - Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Katy Southwood
Executive Producers - Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
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